There are 29 letters in the Vietnamese alphabet system which consists of 12 vowels and 17 consonants. See the list below:
| Upper case | Lower case | Phoneme | Sounds like |
| A | a | /a:/ | father |
| Ă | ă | /a/ | hat |
| Â | â | /ə/ | but |
| B | b | /b/ | big |
| C | c | /k/ | cat |
| D | d | /z/ | zoo |
| Đ | đ | /d/ | day |
| E | e | /ε/ | ten |
| Ê | ê | /e/ | gain |
| G | g | /g/ | go |
| H | h | /h/ | house |
| I | i | /i/ | ink, eat |
| K | k | /k/ | kit |
| L | l | /l/ | love |
| M | m | /m/ | mother |
| N | n | /n/ | nice |
| O | o | /ɔ/ | hot |
| Ô | ô | /o/ | hope |
| Ơ | ơ | /əː/ | fur |
| P | p | /p/ | pick |
| Q | q | /kw/ | queen |
| R | r | /r/ | run |
| S | s | /sh/ | show |
| T | t | /t/ | tea |
| U | u | /u/ | boot |
| Ư | ư | /ɨ/ | huh |
| V | v | /v/ | van |
| X | x | /s/ | sea |
| Y | y | /i/ | tea |
And 11 consonants clusters:
| Consonants | Phoneme | Sounds like |
| ch | /ts/ | chat |
| gh | /g/ | ghost |
| gi | /j/ | yes |
| kh | /x/ | loch |
| ng | /ŋ/ | ring |
| ngh | /ŋ/ | single |
| nh | /ɲ/ | canyon |
| ph | /f/ | fly |
| th | /θ/ | thin |
| tr | /ʈɽ/ | try |
| qu | /kw/ | queue |
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